Background of the quantification of intracellular bacteria 

Background of time kill curve assay (TKC)

Background of  in vitro-Role of microbial-derived extracellular vesicles in pathophysiology

Background of in vitro-resistance development

•    The propensity for the development of bacterial resistance to conventional antibiotics poses serious public health problems

Background of persisters model

‘Resistance’ describes the inherited ability of microorganisms to grow at high concentrations of an antibiotic, irrespective of the duration of treatment, and is quantified by the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC).
Molecular mechanisms of resistance include mutations in the drug target, enzymatic activity that directly inactivates the antibiotic and the activation of efflux pumps.
Bacteria are also able to survive extensive antibiotic treatments without acquiring resistance mutations: ‘tolerance’ and ‘persistence’.

Background of in vitro-MOA alteration of bacterial envelop

•    The mechanism of action of antibiotics varies as they damage pathogens in several ways.

Fig. Mechanisms of antibiotics actions (Microbiology 12th Std)

Background of Elisa Based assays model development

•    In addition to viruses and bacteria, fungi are the other organisms, that are either equally or more dangerous to human health.

Background of in vitro-biofilm

Background of Bacterial susceptibility to bacteriophages

•    Phages are simple, non-living biological entities.
•    Phages bind to specific receptors on the bacterial cell surface, inject their genetic material into the host cell, and then either integrate this material into the bacterial genome, or hijack the bacterial replication machinery to produce the next generation of phage progeny and lyse the cell.